金融衍生交易的法律解释——以合同为中心

金融衍生交易特别是场外衍生交易规则与传统民商法之间的冲突是大陆法系国家普遍存在的问题。衍生工具作为一种新的合同类型,与传统合同的显著区别在于"当前订约、未来履行",从中派生出特殊的履约风险、缔约风险等一系列新问题。对赌、显失公平等法律争议正是基于衍生合约本身的特性而产生;而通常被称为"衍生交易规则"的一整套制度实际上是市场自发创设的防范履约风险的安排。在此,场外衍生交易与场内衍生交易之间没有本质区别,英美法系与大陆法系需要应对同样的问题。通过还原衍生交易规则背后的法律逻辑,可以构筑一个以"合同"为中心的衍生交易法律问题的分析框架,容纳从合同效力、履行、缔约到信息披露、监管等一系列问题。以合同为主要处理对象的民商法应扩张自身的体系以容纳实践中产生的新合同类型,从而为整个金融衍生交易法律规则体系提供坚实的基础。     

食品安全犯罪的对象研究

《刑法》中界定食品的概念应当以《食品安全法》为法律依据,两者在范围上应当保持一致。食品添加剂从食品功能拓展的角度来看,应当属于食品原料。"食品安全"的内涵需要从"无毒无害"、"符合应当有的营养要求"以及"不造成任何形式的危害"三个方面加以认定,缺少其中任何一项的就属于"不符合食品安全标准的食品"。而"有毒有害的食品"的认定应当以"毒害性"作为具体的判断标准,对象是否属于"非食品原料"不能作为否定罪名成立的消极条件。     

宁夏清真食品产业发展与饮食安全

近年来,国内外食品安全事故频发,引发了人们对饮食安全的高度关注。清真食品以其"绿色、纯净、无污染"的优良品质和富有特色的饮食文化内涵,迎合了现代人对健康食品的新需求,清真食品不仅是穆斯林的食品,已成为一切追求绿色、环保、有机、安全、健康饮食人士的选择。     

意识形态的层次分析与军队意识形态安全

在意识形态领域的斗争日益复杂、意识形态安全日益重要的情况下,以马克思主义为指导,进一步深化意识形态问题的研究,有着极其重要的理论意义和实践意义。意识形态是一个庞大的观念体系和复杂的精神现象,我们必须进行多维度的研究。就层次而言,从不同主体看,可分为总体意识形态、群体意识形态和个体意识形态;从高低水平看,可分为理论化的意识形态和日常观念性的意识形态。意识形态自身具有的层次性,为军队加强意识形态工作以确保意识形态安全提供了多方面的启示。     

关东大地震后的日本治安政策

关东大地震不仅给日本带来惨烈的损失,还造成关东地区极大的社会混乱。灾后产生了“不法鲜人①暴动”等谣言,引发了自警团和警察、军队滥杀在日朝鲜人、中国人以及日本的社会主义者等一系列血腥事件。日本政府“先发制人”的社会治安政策是造成这一惨案的根源。大地震后反动的治安政策不仅影响了正常的灾害救助,加深了殖民地人民的心理裂痕,而且成为日本走上法西斯主义道路的重要推动力。     

法治视野下食品安全诚信构建

食品安全问题层出不穷,构建食品安全诚信是遏制食品安全问题、满足人们群众健康需求的迫切需要。首先,食品安全诚信建设必须以法治为保障,发挥法律的规范、引导作用。其次,构建食品安全失信惩戒机制,包括强化对失信行为的刑事处罚及行政处罚、完善行业禁人制度。最后,构建食品安全诚信信息体系,建立起食品安全信用监管体制、征信体制、评价制度、披露制度等,并建立政府、行业、社会三个层面的诚信数据库。     

Horses for courses: China's accommodative approach to food standard‐setting in response to the internationalization of regulation

This paper examines the evolution of China's food standard‐setting procedures from both domestic and international perspectives, particularly in the context of the internationalization of regulation. After the reform and opening‐up in 1978, state actors and leading enterprises monopolized the process of national food standard setting. With further participation in the global economy in the 21st century, China has become familiar with the international standard‐setting procedures and has modeled its domestic policymaking on these practices. This has resulted in a more transparent, inclusive, scientific, pluralized, and consensus‐based form of decisionmaking. By contrast, the standards of the strategic industries have been harmonized to the standards of international counterparts through a top‐down and authoritarian approach. This paper argues that China uses an accommodative approach, trichotomizing suitable standards and decisionmaking procedures in terms of inclusiveness and transparency, which suits the developmental needs of the domestic market, food export markets, and strategic industries.     

互联网金融视域下的类资产证券化:交易模式、金融异化与监管逻辑

为了规避监管或监管套利,互联网金融的类资产证券化创设了新的交易模式与法律结构:债权拆分流转、信托受益权拆分流转和资产收益权拆分流转。这突破传统的法律权利类型与法律边界,改变了传统的公募、私募监管逻辑,相关法律规制面临冲击和重构。对实质开展互联网资管业务的非金融类机构监管等领域的法律滞后与模糊,造成事实上的监管真空,引发金融乱象。金融监管应坚持实质重于形式的监管原则,强化穿透式监管,厘清互联网金融创新的法律边界,推进央地监管分工的法治化、体系化,消除监管空白,避免泛化式、运动式监管。     

Potency levels of regulated cannabis products in Michigan 2021–2022

Evaluation of cannabinoid concentrations in products from the legal cannabis market has been fraught with uncertainty. The lack of standardized testing methodology and the susceptibility of cannabinoids to degradation under certain storage conditions complicates the efforts to assess total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels across wide geographic areas. There are few peer-reviewed surveys of cannabinoid concentrations in regulated products. Those that have been done have not characterized the effects of differences in analytical methodology, sample population, and storage conditions. Viridis Laboratories, which operates two cannabis safety compliance facilities in Michigan, has analyzed over 34,000 cannabis products throughout 2021 and 2022 before the sale in the regulated market. Fifteen cannabinoids in cannabis flower, concentrates, and infused products were tested using methanolic extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Methods were validated before use, and the flower analysis procedure was certified by the Association of Analytical Collaboration. All the samples were tested before submission for sale and therefore had not undergone prolonged storage. The results are compared with those seen in other states as well as in the illicit market. Total THC levels in cannabis flower from the regulated market are significantly higher than those seen in illicit products. The distribution of cannabinoid levels is similar in flowers intended for either the medicinal or adult-use markets, with an average potency of 18%–23% of total THC. Total THC in concentrates averages up to 82%. Other cannabinoids are observed at significant levels, mostly in products specifically formulated to contain them. These results may act as a benchmark for potency levels in the regulated market.     

Fatal exsanguination following complete transection of femoral vessels due to angle grinder injury in an industrial accident

Angle grinders are one of the most dangerous and frequently used tools in industrial settings. Angle grinder injuries range from superficial cuts to deep penetrating injuries with underlying fracture-dislocation and vascular trauma. The injuries caused by angle grinders mostly involve the head, face, or upper limbs, while the lower limb is an unusual site. The high-speed rotating disc of the angle grinders does not respect anatomical boundaries or structures; therefore, the injuries caused may be disfiguring, permanently incapacitating, or even fatal. We report a fatal case of an angle grinder injury to the lower limb. The victim sustained a sharp cut over the left thigh while woodworking in an industrial setup. The rotating disc of an angle grinder had transected the skin, subcutaneous fat and muscles, and both the femoral vessels of the left side, which led to fatal exsanguination within 10 min of the incident.